Unique transmembrane domain interactions differentially modulate integrin αvβ3 and αIIbβ3 function

Lateral transmembrane (TM) helix-helix interactions between single-span membrane proteins play an important role in the assembly and signaling of many cell-surface receptors. Often, these helices contain two highly conserved yet distinct interaction motifs, arranged such that the motifs cannot be engaged simultaneously. However, there is sparse experimental evidence that dual-engagement mechanisms play a role in biological signaling. Here, we investigate the function of the two conserved interaction motifs in the TM domain of the integrin β3-subunit. The first motif uses reciprocating "large-large-small" amino acid packing to mediate the interaction of the β3 and αIIb TM domains and maintain the inactive resting conformation of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3. The second motif, S-x₃-A-x₃-I, is a variant of the classical "G-x₃-G" motif. Using site-directed mutagenesis, optical trap-based force spectroscopy, and molecular modeling, we show that S-x₃-A-x₃-I does not engage αIIb but rather mediates the interaction of the β3 TM domain with the TM domain of the αv-subunit of the integrin αvβ3. Like αIIbβ3, αvβ3 on circulating platelets is inactive, and in the absence of platelet stimulation is unable to interact with components of the subendothelial matrix. However, disrupting any residue in the β3 S-x₃-A-x₃-I motif by site-directed mutations is sufficient to induce αvβ3 binding to the αvβ3 ligand osteopontin and to the monoclonal antibody WOW-1. Thus, the β3-integrin TM domain is able to engage in two mutually exclusive interactions that produce alternate α-subunit pairing, creating two integrins with distinct biological functions.