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Related Concept Videos

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

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The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
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Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
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Test for Homogeneity

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The goodness–of–fit test can be used to decide whether a population fits a given distribution, but it will not suffice to decide whether two populations follow the same unknown distribution. A different test, called the test for homogeneity, can be used to conclude whether two populations have the same distribution. To calculate the test statistic for a test for homogeneity, follow the same procedure as with the test of independence. The hypotheses for the test for homogeneity can...
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Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
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Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Spot Variation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Molecular Diffusion at the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells
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Fluctuation correlation spectroscopy and its applications in homogeneous analysis.

Di Su1,2, Yuemei Hou3, Chaoqing Dong4

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|June 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Fluctuation Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) analyzes signal fluctuations for single-molecule detection. This review highlights novel FCS applications in homogeneous analysis, including nucleic acids, proteins, and nanoparticles.

Keywords:
Fluctuation correlation spectroscopyFluorescence correlation spectroscopyFluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopyHomogeneous analysisResonance light scattering correlation spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Techniques
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fluctuation Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is a sensitive technique for analyzing molecular dynamics and interactions.
  • It measures signal fluctuations within a defined volume to extract information about diffusing particles.
  • FCS offers advantages like minimal sample volume and rapid analysis, making it ideal for homogeneous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements and novel applications of FCS and its variants in homogeneous analysis.
  • To showcase the versatility of FCS in diverse scientific fields.
  • To highlight the utility of FCS for analyzing nucleic acids, proteins, enzyme activity, and nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing recent literature on Fluctuation Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) applications.
  • Focusing on studies employing FCS for homogeneous sample analysis.
  • Categorizing applications across different scientific domains.

Main Results:

  • FCS enables multi-parameter analysis, including amplitude, diffusion time, and probe brightness.
  • Changes in these parameters correlate with physical or chemical alterations in probes.
  • Novel applications span nucleic acid analysis, protein studies, enzyme assays, and nanoparticle characterization.

Conclusions:

  • FCS is a powerful and versatile technique for homogeneous analysis due to its speed and minimal sample requirements.
  • Its ability to provide multiple parameters from signal fluctuations allows for detailed molecular insights.
  • The reviewed applications demonstrate the broad impact and potential of FCS in various scientific disciplines.