Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

8.8K
Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
8.8K
Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

10.1K
Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
10.1K
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

65.4K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
65.4K
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.1K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
17.1K
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

4.5K
As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
4.5K
Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:15

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

3.2K
The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.
3.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Discovery of Novel <i>N</i>-Linked Camptothecin Linker-Payloads to Access Antibody-Drug Conjugates with High Target-Mediated In Vivo Efficacy.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Design of Novel Exatecan-Amide Linker-Payloads for the Development of Stable, Low-Aggregating, and Highly Efficacious Antibody-Drug Conjugates.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Discovery and multimerization of cross-reactive single-domain antibodies against SARS-like viruses to enhance potency and address emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Scientific reports·2023
Same author

Hexamerization of Anti-SARS CoV IgG1 Antibodies Improves Neutralization Capacity.

Frontiers in immunology·2022
Same author

Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) Centroid Data Measured between 3.6 °C and 25.4 °C for the Fab Fragment of NISTmAb.

Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology·2021
Same author

Interlaboratory Comparison of Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Measurements of the Fab Fragment of NISTmAb.

Analytical chemistry·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
12:07

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

14.4K

Site-Specific Antibody Labeling Using Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase-Catalyzed Ligation.

Jan Grünewald1, Ansgar Brock2, Bernhard H Geierstanger2

  • 1Biotherapeutics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA. jgrunewald@gnf.org.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

4'-Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) are versatile biocatalysts for creating homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). These enzymes enable efficient site-specific protein modification for novel anticancer drug development.

Keywords:
4′-Phosphopantetheinyl transferaseAntibody–drug conjugatesBioorthogonal chemistryEnzymatic ligationEnzymatic modificationProtein tagsSite-specific conjugation

More Related Videos

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
09:06

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition

Published on: December 23, 2016

22.3K
An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
12:07

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

14.4K
Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
09:06

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition

Published on: December 23, 2016

22.3K
An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Protein Engineering

Background:

  • Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are advanced therapeutics for cancer treatment.
  • Site-specific protein modification is crucial for developing homogeneous ADCs.
  • 4 -Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) are enzymes with broad substrate specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the use of PPTases for synthesizing homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • To provide protocols for both one-step and two-step conjugation strategies.
  • To guide researchers on enzyme and substrate preparation for ADC production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the broad substrate tolerance of PPTases for protein labeling.
  • Implementing one-step conjugation: direct antibody-drug coupling.
  • Implementing two-step conjugation: antibody labeling with a bioorthogonal handle followed by drug attachment.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated PPTase versatility for site-specific modification of proteins.
  • Established efficient one-step and two-step conjugation strategies for ADC synthesis.
  • Provided detailed protocols and guidance for enzyme and substrate preparation.

Conclusions:

  • PPTases are powerful biocatalysts for producing homogeneous ADCs.
  • The described methods offer flexibility and efficiency in ADC development.
  • These protocols facilitate the advancement of innovative anticancer therapeutics.