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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Origination and Function of Plant Pseudogenes.

Jianbo Xie1,2, Sisi Chen1,2, Weijie Xu1,2

  • 1a National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing , P. R. China.

Plant Signaling & Behavior
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Plant pseudogenes, nonfunctional gene copies, are abundant but understudied. This review summarizes current knowledge on pseudogene evolution and their gene regulatory roles, aiming to spur further plant research.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Pseudogenes are nonfunctional genomic sequences arising from functional genes via duplication or retrotransposition.
  • Despite their abundance in plant genomes, research on plant pseudogenes lags behind that in mammals.
  • Understanding pseudogenes is crucial for insights into gene regulation and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current knowledge on plant pseudogenes.
  • To analyze the functional roles of pseudogenes in gene regulation within plants.
  • To stimulate further research into plant pseudogene evolution and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing studies on pseudogenes.
  • Analysis of pseudogene formation mechanisms (duplication, retrotransposition, mutation).
  • Examination of documented roles in gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Pseudogenes are widespread in plant genomes, originating through established mechanisms.
  • Evidence suggests pseudogenes play significant roles in regulating gene expression.
  • A knowledge gap exists regarding the specific functions and evolutionary trajectories of plant pseudogenes.

Conclusions:

  • Plant pseudogenes represent a significant, yet underexplored, component of the genome.
  • Further investigation into plant pseudogenes is essential for a comprehensive understanding of gene regulation and evolutionary processes.
  • This review highlights the need for increased research focus on plant pseudogenes.