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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products
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Cannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity.

Marilyn A Huestis1, Renata Solimini2, Simona Pichini2

  • 1Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Current Neuropharmacology
|June 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cannabidiol (CBD) shows therapeutic promise but carries risks. Research indicates potential adverse effects and drug interactions, necessitating careful consideration by healthcare providers.

Keywords:
Cannabidioladverse effectsanimal studiesin vitro studiesin vivo studiesstudies in humanstoxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Growing interest in medical cannabidiol (CBD) and its recent FDA approval for specific epilepsy syndromes.
  • Expanding global use of CBD for conditions lacking robust scientific evidence.
  • Preclinical and clinical studies highlight both potential benefits and adverse effects of CBD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on adverse effects (AEs) and toxicity associated with cannabidiol (CBD) use.
  • To balance the assessment of CBD's risks against its known therapeutic benefits.
  • To inform clinicians about potential risks before recommending off-label CBD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic identification of studies reporting CBD AEs and toxicity from major databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central, EMBASE) up to January 2019.
  • Inclusion of studies on CBD's beneficial effects to provide a comprehensive risk/benefit perspective.

Main Results:

  • Animal studies indicate potential AEs such as developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive system alterations at high doses.
  • Human studies report CBD-induced drug-drug interactions, hepatic issues, diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, and somnolence.
  • CBD is not risk-free, with documented adverse effects in both preclinical and clinical settings.

Conclusions:

  • Cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates proven efficacy for severe epilepsy syndromes like Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut.
  • Physicians may consider off-label CBD recommendations for other conditions.
  • Clinicians must carefully weigh potential adverse effects and drug-drug interactions before prescribing CBD off-label.