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Complex Problem Solving in Assessments of Collaborative Problem Solving.

Arthur Graesser1, Bor-Chen Kuo2, Chen-Huei Liao3

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The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) developed collaborative problem solving (ColPS) assessments in 2015. This involved integrating collaboration and problem-solving skills, utilizing computer agents for evaluation.

Keywords:
agentscollaborative problem solvingconversation-based assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Assessment
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) introduced collaborative problem solving (ColPS) in its 2015 assessment.
  • Existing PISA frameworks focused on individual skills; a new model was needed to evaluate group dynamics and problem-solving capabilities.
  • The 2015 PISA ColPS assessment aimed to measure students' ability to work effectively in teams to solve complex problems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the framework development for the PISA 2015 collaborative problem solving assessment.
  • To explain the integration of collaboration processes with individual problem-solving dimensions.
  • To describe the role and implementation of computer agents in assessing ColPS.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an assessment framework combining three collaboration processes (shared understanding, action, team organization) with four problem-solving processes (explore, represent, plan/execute, monitor/reflect).
  • Created a matrix of 12 specific skills derived from the combined dimensions.
  • Utilized computer agents within the assessment environment to simulate team members and facilitate evaluation of collaborative interactions.

Main Results:

  • The PISA ColPS 2015 assessment successfully integrated collaboration and problem-solving dimensions into a comprehensive evaluation.
  • Computer agents were effectively employed to ensure reliable and valid assessment of collaborative problem-solving skills.
  • Examples from a released PISA item and a Taiwan-based project demonstrated the practical application of the ColPS assessment.

Conclusions:

  • The PISA 2015 ColPS assessment provides a robust measure of students' collaborative problem-solving abilities.
  • The integration of computer agents is a viable method for assessing complex collaborative skills in large-scale evaluations.
  • This framework advances the measurement of 21st-century skills in international education assessments.