Problem-Solving
Impact: Problem Solving
Solving Problems in Physics
Frames: Problem Solving I
Machines: Problem Solving I
Bearings: Problem Solving
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Arthur Graesser1, Bor-Chen Kuo2, Chen-Huei Liao3
1Psychology and the Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. graesser@memphis.edu.
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) developed collaborative problem solving (ColPS) assessments in 2015. This involved integrating collaboration and problem-solving skills, utilizing computer agents for evaluation.
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