Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs01:20

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs

242
Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs are crucial methodologies used in evaluating and comparing the bioavailability of different drug products. These designs are categorized into various types: completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, cross and carry-over, and Latin square designs.Completely randomized designs involve randomly allocating treatments to all subjects participating in the experiment. This allocation is achieved by assigning unique random numbers to...
242
Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

418
Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
418
Binary Fission01:26

Binary Fission

2.6K
Binary fission is the primary mode of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, such as bacteria. It results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells. This highly efficient process ensures the rapid propagation of bacterial populations under favorable conditions and involves coordinated cellular and molecular events.DNA Replication and SeparationThe process begins with the replication of the bacterial chromosome. The circular DNA molecule unwinds at a specific origin of...
2.6K
Binary Fission01:20

Binary Fission

63.0K
Fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts, which regenerate into separate entities that resemble the original. Organisms in the Archaea and Bacteria domains reproduce using binary fission, in which a parent cell splits into two parts that can each grow to the size of the original parent cell. This asexual method of reproduction produces cells that are all genetically identical.
63.0K
Group Design02:01

Group Design

10.3K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
10.3K
Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

10.2K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
10.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Subgroup identification via Interaction Tree and Mixed Model for Repeated Measures with application to Alzheimer's disease.

Biometrics·2026
Same author

Abdominal adiposity and Alzheimer's disease imaging markers across sex and race at midlife.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026
Same author

Generalizability of an AI-based mammogram risk score (MRS) for breast cancer among diverse populations of women.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Optimal Designs in Open-Cohort Longitudinal Cluster Randomized Trials With a Continuous Outcome.

Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift·2026
Same author

Assessing COVID-19 Testing Strategies in K-12 Schools in Underserved Populations.

Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP·2026
Same author

[11C]CS1P1 PET links T-cell-associated immune activation with endothelial and astrocytic responses.

Research square·2026
Same journal

Interpretable Bayesian Modeling for Multireader Multicase Studies: Addressing Overdispersion and Limited Sample Size in Diagnostic Enhancement Evaluation.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Adaptive Sequential Multiple Hypotheses Testing for Concomitant Vaccine Safety Surveillance.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Novel Distance Regression for Repeated Outcomes With Missing Data: Applications to Longitudinal and Crossover Studies of Microbiome Beta-Diversity.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Optimal Weighted Tests for Replication Studies and the 'Two-Trials Rule' With Multiple Hypotheses.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Identifiable Copula-Double-Cox Models: A Fully Parametric Framework for Dependent Right-Censored Survival Data.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Moving From Individualized Risk-Based Prevention to Benefit-Based Prevention: Estimating Individualized Life-Years Gained From Prevention Services as a Basis for Eligibility.

Statistics in medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

1.2K

Optimal designs in three-level cluster randomized trials with a binary outcome.

Jingxia Liu1,2, Lei Liu2, Graham A Colditz1

  • 1Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Statistics in Medicine
|June 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces optimal sample size designs for three-level cluster randomized trials (CRTs) with binary outcomes. It provides methods to minimize variance for risk difference, risk ratio, and odds ratio estimators under budget constraints.

Keywords:
cluster randomized trial (CRT)dissemination and implementationgeneralized estimating equation (GEE)intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC)nested correlation structure

More Related Videos

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.5K
Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain
03:26

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain

Published on: March 8, 2024

3.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

1.2K
Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.5K
Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain
03:26

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain

Published on: March 8, 2024

3.5K

Area of Science:

  • Biostatistics
  • Clinical Trial Design
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are used when individual randomization is infeasible or biased.
  • CRTs involve hierarchical data structures, with two-level designs being common.
  • Three-level CRTs, incorporating two levels of clustering, present unique design challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose optimal sample size designs for three-level cluster randomized trials (CRTs) with binary outcomes.
  • To provide variance estimators for risk difference, risk ratio, and odds ratio in three-level CRTs.
  • To guide researchers in determining optimal cluster and subject numbers within budget constraints.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized generalized estimating equation (GEE) models assuming a nested exchangeable correlation structure.
  • Derived variance formulas for common binary outcome measures (risk difference, risk ratio, odds ratio).
  • Proposed locally optimal and MaxiMin designs for sample size determination based on parameter knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Developed methods to calculate optimal sample sizes for three-level CRTs to minimize estimator variance.
  • Provided guidance on balancing the number of clusters and subjects per cluster for efficiency.
  • Introduced designs (locally optimal and MaxiMin) to address varying levels of prior knowledge on association parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed optimal designs enhance the efficiency of three-level CRTs with binary outcomes.
  • These methods aid researchers in resource allocation for robust treatment effect estimation under budget limitations.
  • The study offers practical tools for designing complex cluster randomized trials.