Quantitative study of pulmonary endocrine cells in anencephaly

Quantitative studies of pulmonary endocrine cells in 8 male autopsy cases of anencephaly were performed. The densities of pulmonary endocrine cells were expressed as the number of the total argyrophil cells/100 bronchiolar cell nuclei and as the number of the total argyrophil cells/mm bronchiole. The average values in the 8 anencephalic cases were 1.26 cells/100 nuclei and 3.56 cells/mm, and did not differ from the 1.28 cells/100 nuclei and 3.24 cells/mm in the control cases without malformation of the brain and without severe hyaline membrane disease of the lung. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the densities of neuroepithelial bodies between the 2 groups. Immunostaining for calcitonin, bombesin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, chromogranin, and neuron-specific enolase also revealed no qualitative differences between them. It is concluded that defect and hypofunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes associated with anencephaly do not have significant effects on the proliferation and differentiation of pulmonary endocrine cells in the fetus.