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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Sensing
    • Fiber Optics

    Background:

    • Refractive index (RI) sensing is crucial in various scientific fields.
    • Existing refractometers can be sensitive to environmental factors like temperature.
    • Developing temperature-insensitive RI sensors is a significant challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and experimentally demonstrate a temperature-insensitive refractometer.
    • To utilize a novel refractive index-modulated singlemode-multimode-singlemode (RMSMS) fiber structure.
    • To achieve high sensitivity in RI sensing.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of an RMSMS fiber structure by embedding no-core fiber (NCF) within a multimode fiber (MMF) section.
    • Introduction of a long-period grating (LPG) in the MMF section.
    • Numerical simulations to determine modulation parameters.
    • Experimental characterization of the fabricated sensor.

    Main Results:

    • The fabricated RMSMS fiber structure exhibits a maximum RI sensitivity of 206.96 nm/RIU.
    • The sensor demonstrates immunity to external temperature variations in the wavelength domain.
    • Numerical simulations guided the optimization of the fiber structure.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed RMSMS fiber structure is a viable platform for developing highly sensitive and temperature-insensitive refractometers.
    • This technology holds promise for practical sensing applications requiring stable performance.
    • The unique fiber design effectively modulates refractive index for enhanced sensing capabilities.