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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Ultra-compact electrically controlled beam steering chip based on coherently coupled VCSEL array directly integrated

Guanzhong Pan, Chen Xu, Yiyang Xie

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    A novel beam steering chip integrates a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array with a liquid crystal optical phased array (LCOPA). This compact design enables efficient, electrically controlled beam steering for various applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Photonics
    • Semiconductor devices

    Background:

    • Beam steering devices are crucial for military and civil applications.
    • Current devices suffer from large size, complex packaging, and low efficiency due to separate laser sources and phase shifters.
    • Reducing size, weight, and power consumption is a key goal.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel, compact, electrically controlled beam steering chip.
    • To integrate a coherently coupled vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array with a liquid crystal optical phased array (LCOPA).
    • To overcome the limitations of conventional beam steering architectures.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and fabrication of implant-defined in-phase coherently coupled VCSEL arrays (CCVAs) with uniform near-field.
    • Direct integration of a liquid crystal optical phased array (LCOPA) onto the CCVA planar structure using conventional processes.
    • Electrical steering of coherent light from the CCVA by the LCOPA.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of one-dimensional beam steering using two proof-of-concept integrated chips.
    • Achieved fields of view of 2.21° (4x4 CCVA) and 6.06° (16-element hexagonal CCVA).
    • Independent control of CCVA and LCOPA ensured high wavelength and power stability.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed integrated chip offers a compact and efficient solution for electrically controlled beam steering.
    • The direct integration approach overcomes limitations of traditional designs.
    • Experimental results validate the theoretical calculations and demonstrate the potential of this technology.