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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
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A Microcirculatory Theory of Aging.

Kunlin Jin1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, TX 76107, USA.

Aging and Disease
|June 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Aging is a decline in body functions. This theory proposes that continuous impairment of microcirculation, or blood flow in tiny vessels, causes aging and age-associated diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and circulatory physiology.

Background:

  • Aging is a complex process involving the decline of physiological functions.
  • Current theories explaining aging lack comprehensive understanding.
  • Microcirculation is vital for delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel theory of aging based on microcirculatory function.
  • To link age-associated diseases to impaired microcirculation.

Main Methods:

  • This study is theoretical, proposing a new framework.
  • It synthesizes existing knowledge on aging and microcirculation.

Main Results:

  • Microcirculatory impairment leads to the accumulation of toxins and CO2.
  • Reduced delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues contributes to organ dysfunction.
Keywords:
agingimpairmentlifespanmicrocirculationtheory

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  • This dysfunction ultimately manifests as the aging process.
  • Conclusions:

    • Aging is fundamentally a process of continuous microcirculatory impairment.
    • Addressing microcirculatory dysfunction may offer new strategies for promoting healthy aging and treating age-related diseases.