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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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A Developmental Cascade from Prenatal Stress to Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.

Rochelle F Hentges1,2, Susan A Graham1,2, Andre Plamondon3,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Calgary.

Journal of Pediatric Psychology
|June 6, 2019
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Summary

Maternal prenatal stress impacts child psychopathology through postnatal stress, parenting, and temperament. Interventions should extend into the postpartum period for lasting effects.

Keywords:
developmental psychopathologyfetal programmingmental healthprenatal stress

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Maternal mental health
  • Child psychopathology

Background:

  • Maternal prenatal stress is linked to child psychopathology.
  • The mechanisms include fetal programming, stress transmission via parenting, and stress continuation.
  • Alternative theories require testing within a developmental cascade framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test theories on how maternal prenatal stress influences child psychopathology.
  • To examine the roles of fetal programming, interpersonal stress transmission, and stress continuation.
  • To investigate the mediating effects of postnatal stress, parenting, and child temperament.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of 1,992 mother-child pairs.
  • Maternal stress, anxiety, and depression assessed during pregnancy and postpartum.
  • Parenting behaviors, child temperament, and child psychopathology measured at multiple time points.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal stress predicted child internalizing and externalizing problems via postnatal stress and temperament.
  • Prenatal stress also predicted externalizing behaviors through hostile-reactive parenting.
  • Prenatal stress directly affected child internalizing symptoms after accounting for postnatal factors.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support fetal programming, interpersonal stress transmission, and stress continuation models.
  • Prenatal interventions should extend into the early postnatal period.
  • Targeting maternal stress and parenting behaviors is crucial for prevention.