CD28 Costimulation Is Required for Development of Herpetic Stromal Keratitis but Does Not Prevent Establishment of...

Corneal infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) leads to infection of trigeminal ganglia (TG), typically followed by the establishment of latency in the infected neurons. When latency is disrupted, the virus reactivates and migrates back to the cornea, where it restimulates the immune response, leading to lesions in a disease called herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK requires T cell activation, as in the absence of T cells there is no disease. We decided to determine if CD28 costimulation of T cells was required in HSK. The results indicated that C57BL/6 CD28^-/- and BALB/c CD28^-/- mice failed to develop recurrent HSK, while their wild-type counterparts did. In order to better understand the dynamics of TG infection in these mice, we evaluated the amount of virus in infected TG and the number of individual neurons harboring latent virus. The results indicated that CD28^-/- mice possessed significantly increased genome levels in their TG but many fewer LAT-positive cells than wild-type mice from day 7 to day 30 but that after day 30 these differences became nonsignificant. We next evaluated total and antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells in TG. The results indicated that there were significantly fewer CD8 T cells in TG from day 10 to day 25 but that after that the differences were not significant. Taken together, these data suggest that CD28 costimulation is required for HSK but that while initial infection of TG is greater in CD28^-/- mice, this begins to normalize with time and this normalization is concurrent with the delayed development of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells.IMPORTANCE We study the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus-mediated corneal disease. T cells play a critical role both in disease and in the maintenance of latency in neurons. Consequently, the focus of this study was to evaluate the role that T cell costimulation plays both in corneal disease and in controlling the ability of the virus to maintain a stable infection of the ganglia that innervate the cornea. We demonstrate that in the absence of costimulation with CD28, corneal disease does not take place. However, this costimulation does not prevent the ability of CD8⁺ T cells to develop and, thus, control latent infection of neurons. We conclude from these studies that CD28 costimulation is required for corneal destructive immune responses but that CD8⁺ T cells develop over time and help to maintain latency.