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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Published on: May 16, 2025
Changing paradigms in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
Antonis Fanouriakis1, George Bertsias2
1Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Abstract:
SLE poses formidable therapeutic challenges due to its heterogeneity and treatment decisions often cannot be guided by data of high quality. In this review, we attempt to provide insights regarding the treatment of SLE in everyday clinical practice, based on contemporary evidence and our own personal experience. We focus on common therapeutic issues and dilemmas arising in routine care, including monitoring for retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine, handling of glucocorticoid regimens in order to minimise their adverse events, choice of immunosuppressive medications based on prevailing disease manifestations and optimal use of available biological agents (belimumab and rituximab). We also provide our view on the position of calcineurin inhibitors in the management of lupus nephritis and conclude with remarks on the future perspectives for this challenging disease.
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)
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Consider a gas confined to a cylinder fitted with a movable piston at one end. If the gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2, it exerts a force on the piston, such that the piston moves by a distance dr.
The work done by the gas on the piston can be expressed as
Net Change Theorem
Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature
To understand this phenomenon, consider the elementary reaction:

