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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature
Published on: March 8, 2016
Far-Red to Near-Infrared Carbon Dots: Preparation and Applications in Biotechnology
Xinxin Shi1, Hongmin Meng1, Yuanqiang Sun1
1Institute of Chemical Biology and Clinical Application at the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
Abstract:
As novel fluorescent nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) exhibit excellent photostability, good biocompatibility, and high quantum yield (QY). Their superior properties make them promising candidates for biomedical assays and therapy. Among them, the red-emission (>600 nm) CDs have attracted increasing attention in the past years due to their little damage to the biological matrix, deep tissue penetration, and minimum autofluorescence background of biosamples. This Review, summarizes the recent progress of far-red to near-infrared (NIR) CDs from the preparation and their biological applications. The challenges in designing far-red and NIR CDs and their further applications in biomedical fields are also discussed.
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Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
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