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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Work Done on a System by External Force01:11

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The work done by an external force on a particle changes its kinetic energy. However, internal forces must also be considered for a system of interacting particles. The potential energy formulation helps formulate the effect of internal forces. The net work done by an external force can be written in terms of the total change of mechanical energy, which includes both kinetic and potential energies.
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Fixation and Sectioning01:03

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Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
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Lumber Defects01:23

Lumber Defects

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Lumber defects, which can affect both the appearance and structural integrity of wood, include a variety of growth and manufacturing flaws. Growth defects such as knots and knotholes occur where branches were once attached to the tree trunk, with knotholes forming when these knots fall out. Other natural defects include decay and insect damage, which compromise the wood's strength and durability.
Shakes are minor fractures that run along or across the wood's annual rings, while wane is...
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External and Internal Respiration01:24

External and Internal Respiration

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External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models
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Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

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Fibula-pro-tibia transfer with external fixator after tibia fracture with extensive bone defect: a case report.

F Verdoni1, D Compagnone2, F Grasso2

  • 1IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
|June 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A tibial fracture with a large bone defect was treated with a fibula-pro-tibia transfer, which failed. A second surgery using the fibula wedged with an external fixator achieved bone healing and remodeling.

Keywords:
bone defectcase reportexternal fixatorfracture

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Trauma reconstruction
  • Bone defect management

Background:

  • A 27-year-old female patient sustained a significant tibial fracture with an extensive bone defect following major trauma.
  • Initial treatment involved a plate for fibula-pro-tibia transfer, which proved unsuccessful.

Observation:

  • Radiographic follow-up at one year revealed non-union secondary to mechanical hardware failure.
  • A subsequent surgical intervention was performed, involving the ipsilateral fibula being secured between the proximal and distal tibia using an external fixator.

Findings:

  • The reconstruction demonstrated successful bone healing and remodeling over a one-year follow-up period.
  • Further ossification of the fibula's periosteal sheath was observed, indicating robust regenerative capacity.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential of fibular autografting with external fixation for managing complex tibial non-unions with extensive defects.
  • The technique may offer a viable alternative for limb salvage in severe trauma cases, promoting bone regeneration and functional recovery.