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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
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Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

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Gaze data reveal individual differences in relational representation processes.

Joshua Zonca1, Giorgio Coricelli1, Luca Polonio1

  • 1Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|June 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People represent future event contingencies in two ways: sophisticated, exhaustive models or simpler, binary rules. Cognitive reflection influences strategy choice, but simpler strategies can be learned.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Effective environmental adaptation relies on anticipating future events and their consequences.
  • Understanding how individuals mentally represent these future possibilities is crucial but not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive processes underlying contingency representation.
  • To identify different strategies individuals use to encode and organize knowledge about future events.

Main Methods:

  • Three eye-tracking experiments were conducted using a novel relational-inference task.
  • Cluster analysis of gaze data identified distinct encoding strategies.
  • Cognitive measures and strategy information were used to analyze behavior.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct encoding strategies emerged: sophisticated (exhaustive contingency models) and unsophisticated (binary rules).
  • Cognitive reflection correlated with strategy type.
  • Participants could shift to more sophisticated strategies when informed about their existence.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals exhibit heterogeneous strategies in representing event contingencies.
  • Strategy choice is influenced by cognitive abilities and can be modulated by external information.
  • These findings have implications for understanding decision-making and learning.