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Related Concept Videos

Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
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Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

Raquel T Yokoda1,2, Elizabeth J Carey1,3

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Cholestatic liver diseases like primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis damage bile ducts, leading to liver failure. Current treatments are limited, highlighting the need for novel therapies to prevent progression and malignancy.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Cholestatic liver diseases involve cholangiocyte injury, progressing to fibrosis and liver dysfunction.
  • Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis are major adult progressive cholangiopathies, often leading to liver failure.
  • Despite research, the pathogenesis of these conditions remains unclear, and targeted treatments are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical features of primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
  • To analyze the commonalities and differences between these two cholestatic liver diseases.
  • To provide an overview of current therapeutic strategies for progressive cholangiopathies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical features.
  • Comparative analysis of disease characteristics.
  • Survey of existing therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of clinical presentations for both diseases.
  • Identification of shared and distinct pathological pathways and clinical outcomes.
  • Summary of current management strategies and their limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis share significant clinical and pathological features but require tailored therapeutic approaches.
  • The lack of targeted treatments necessitates further research into disease mechanisms to develop effective interventions.
  • Future therapies should aim to prevent disease progression, liver failure, and potential malignancy.