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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Functional impacts of non-coding RNA processing on enhancer activity and target gene expression.

Evgenia Ntini1,2, Annalisa Marsico1,2,3

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|June 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Active enhancers transcribe non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and lncRNAs regulate gene expression and enhancer activity through processing and transcription modulation.

Keywords:
RNA processingchromatincotranscriptional RNA splicingenhancerlong non-coding RNA (lncRNA)transcription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Enhancers are key regulatory elements controlling gene expression.
  • Recent research reveals enhancers are transcriptionally active, producing non-coding RNAs.
  • These non-coding RNAs have diverse and significant functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on non-coding RNA transcription from enhancers.
  • To explore how enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate enhancer function.
  • To summarize evidence on RNA processing as a regulatory layer for enhancer activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on enhancer transcription and non-coding RNAs.
  • Synthesis of data on the functional roles of eRNAs and lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of evidence for RNA processing in enhancer regulation.

Main Results:

  • A significant portion of enhancers produce various non-coding RNA species.
  • Enhancer-derived non-coding RNAs, including lncRNAs, can modulate enhancer potential.
  • RNA processing of enhancer-associated lncRNAs adds a regulatory layer to gene expression control.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancer transcription and resulting non-coding RNAs are integral to gene regulation.
  • Non-coding RNAs produced by enhancers play crucial roles in defining their regulatory capacity.
  • RNA processing mechanisms offer a sophisticated layer for controlling enhancer-targeted gene expression.