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Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...

Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant tissues are collections of similar cells performing related functions. Different plant tissues will have their own specialized roles and can be combined with other tissues to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stem, and leaves. Two major types of plant tissue include meristematic and permanent tissue.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.

Plant Cell Wall

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For example, the parenchyma cells of leaves possess only a thin, primary cell wall.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Detection of Protease Activity by Fluorescent Peptide Zymography

Detection of Protease Activity by Fluorescent Peptide Zymography

Published on: January 20, 2019

Peptide-based protease inhibitors from plants.

Roland Hellinger¹, Christian W Gruber¹

¹Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Drug Discovery Today

|June 7, 2019

Summary

Plant protease inhibitors offer a promising avenue for drug discovery, addressing challenges in targeting proteases for cancer and inflammatory diseases due to their high selectivity.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Plant Science

Background:

Proteases play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis; their dysregulation is linked to diseases like cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Current protease drug development faces challenges due to limited selectivity of existing compounds.
Plant-derived protease inhibitors (PIs) are vital for plant defense and homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diversity of plant peptide- and protein-based protease inhibitors.
To highlight plant PIs that target human proteases.
To discuss the potential of plant PIs in protease drug discovery and development.

Main Methods:

Literature review of plant protease inhibitors.
Analysis of plant PIs targeting human proteases.

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Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Detection of Protease Activity by Fluorescent Peptide Zymography

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Published on: January 20, 2019

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles

Published on: March 9, 2019

Use of the Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit to Determine Protease Activity

Use of the Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit to Determine Protease Activity

Published on: August 4, 2009

Discussion of therapeutic opportunities.

Main Results:

Plant PIs represent a diverse group of molecules with significant physiological roles.
Several plant PIs demonstrate activity against human proteases relevant to disease.
These natural compounds offer potential for developing selective protease-targeting drugs.

Conclusions:

Plant protease inhibitors are a valuable resource for drug discovery.
Their inherent selectivity presents an advantage over current synthetic compounds.
Further research into plant PIs could lead to novel therapeutics for various diseases.