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Ancient DNA is scarce for sloths (Folivora). New collagen and DNA analyses reveal unexpected evolutionary relationships, grouping Choloepus with Mylodontidae and Bradypus with Megalonyx.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleogenomics
  • Systematics
  • Xenarthra Evolution

Background:

  • Sloths (Folivora) are a diverse xenarthran group with a wide Cenozoic distribution.
  • Ancient DNA is rarely preserved in sloth fossils, limiting previous systematic studies.
  • Morphological classifications of sloth relationships are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of extant and extinct sloths.
  • To investigate sloth phylogeny using collagen sequences and mitochondrial DNA.
  • To compare molecular phylogenetics with traditional morphology-based classifications.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of collagen amino acid sequences.
  • Combined analysis of collagen and published mitochondrial DNA data.
  • Divergence time estimation based on phylogenetic results.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic analyses yield results differing from morphology-based hypotheses.
  • Choloepus is grouped with Mylodontidae, contrary to previous classifications.
  • Bradypus and Megalonyx form a monophyletic group (megatherioids); Antillean sloths may be the sister taxon to all other folivorans.

Conclusions:

  • Collagen sequences provide valuable data for resolving sloth evolutionary history.
  • Molecular data suggest a revised understanding of sloth family relationships.
  • Divergence estimates support the fossil record of West Indian and South American sloth presence.