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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses
Published on: March 21, 2019
Periodontal Commensals and Pathogens Differentially Modulate Immuno-Inflammatory Response in Human Oral Keratinocytes
Objective:
To investigate the immunoinflammatory response in the crosstalk of human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) with selected periodontal commensals and pathogens.
Methods:
Four representative viable oral bacteria, including periodontal commensals (Streptococcus mutans, Sm; and Actinomyces israelii, Ai) and pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aa; and Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pg), were selected. A viable bacteria-HOKs interactive model was tested under various conditions of oxygen, antibiotics, duration and multiplicity of infection (MOI). The expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HOKs was assessed by real-time qPCR and ELISA.
Results:
An MOI of 1 was determined to be the appropriate ratio of bacteria and HOKs with substantial amounts of viable bacterial cells and HOKs in an antibiotic-free medium under aerobic conditions for 2 h. Sm and Pg significantly upregulated the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 (P < 0.05), while Ai and Aa could not induce significant levels of these cytokines with reference to the control.
Conclusion:
Within the limitations of this study, the current findings suggest that periodontal commensals and pathogens may differentially modulate immunoinflammatory response in human oral keratinocytes.
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