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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

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Selenium in Cardiac Surgery.

Sebastian Wendt1,2, Lutz Schomburg3, William Manzanares4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Nutrition in Clinical Practice : Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
|June 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selenium (Se) supplementation may protect against organ dysfunction following cardiac surgery. This review explores how Se counteracts surgical injury and evaluates current clinical evidence for perioperative Se strategies.

Keywords:
antioxidantcardiac surgerycritical careseleniumselenium supplementationselenium-binding proteins

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Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Healthy Volunteers and Their Migratory Potential Influenced by Serum Samples After Cardiac Surgery
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Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Healthy Volunteers and Their Migratory Potential Influenced by Serum Samples After Cardiac Surgery
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Selenium (Se) is vital for metabolic functions and stress response.
  • Se-dependent proteins offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.
  • Se deficiency is linked to cardiovascular disease and post-cardiac surgery organ dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of selenium in counteracting cardiac surgery-induced injuries.
  • To evaluate various perioperative selenium supplementation strategies.
  • To assess the clinical significance of selenium in cardiac surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on selenium's role in cardiac surgery.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac surgery-related harm.
  • Examination of different selenium supplementation protocols and their outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Selenium's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can mitigate surgical stress.
  • Low selenium levels correlate with increased organ dysfunction post-cardiac surgery.
  • Perioperative selenium supplementation shows potential clinical benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium plays a crucial role in protecting against cardiac surgery complications.
  • Perioperative selenium supplementation is a promising strategy to reduce organ dysfunction.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize selenium supplementation protocols in cardiac surgery.