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Association of Temperament With Preoperative Anxiety in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review
Cheryl H T Chow1, Ayesha Rizwan2, Richard Xu3
1Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Insights
Temperament traits like emotionality and withdrawal are linked to higher preoperative anxiety in children. Conversely, higher activity levels correlate with lower anxiety, aiding in risk identification for better interventions.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Anesthesiology
- Developmental Psychology
Background:
- Preoperative anxiety negatively impacts pediatric surgical patients' adherence and outcomes.
- Temperament's role in preoperative anxiety is suggested but not systematically studied.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically examine the associations between temperament and preoperative anxiety in pediatric surgical patients.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases (MEDLINE, Embase, etc.) up to June 2018.
- 23 prospective studies involving 4527 children (aged 1-18) were included following PRISMA guidelines.
- Meta-analysis was used to pool data from 12 studies (1064 participants) to assess temperament-anxiety associations.
Main Results:
- Emotionality (r=0.11), intensity of reaction (r=0.29), and withdrawal (r=0.40) showed positive associations with preoperative anxiety.
- Activity level demonstrated a negative correlation with preoperative anxiety (r=-0.23).
- Impulsivity was not found to be significantly associated with preoperative anxiety.
Conclusions:
- Temperament characteristics can help identify pediatric patients at risk for preoperative anxiety.
- Findings support tailoring prevention and intervention strategies based on individual temperaments.
- Further research into temperament's transactional effects is crucial for precision perioperative care.
Importance:
Preoperative anxiety is associated with poor behavioral adherence during anesthetic induction and adverse postoperative outcomes. Research suggests that temperament can affect preoperative anxiety and influence its short- and long-term effects, but these associations have not been systematically examined.
Objective:
To examine the associations of temperament with preoperative anxiety in young patients undergoing surgery.
Data Sources:
Studies from MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from database inception to June 2018.
Study Selection:
All prospective studies reporting associations of temperament with preoperative anxiety were included. Overall, 43 of 5451 identified studies met selection criteria.
Data Extraction And Synthesis:
Using the PRISMA guidelines, reviewers independently read 43 full-text articles, extracted data on eligible studies, and assessed the quality of each study. Data were pooled using the Lipsey and Wilson random-effects model.
Main Outcomes And Measures:
Primary outcome was the association of temperament with preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing surgery.
Results:
A total of 23 studies, with 4527 participants aged 1 to 18 years, were included in this review. Meta-analysis of 12 studies including 1064 participants revealed that emotionality (r = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.19), intensity of reaction (r = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.46), and withdrawal (r = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.55) were positively associated with preoperative anxiety, whereas activity level (r = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.31 to -0.16) was negatively correlated with preoperative anxiety. Impulsivity was not significantly associated with preoperative anxiety.
Conclusions And Relevance:
This systematic review and meta-analysis provided evidence suggesting that temperament may help identify pediatric patients at risk of preoperative anxiety and guide the design of prevention and intervention strategies. Future studies should continue to explore temperament and other factors influencing preoperative anxiety and their transactional effects to guide the development of precision treatment approaches and to optimize perioperative care.
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