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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

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Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
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Renal Clearance01:23

Renal Clearance

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The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical marker of kidney function, reflecting the efficiency of filtration by the glomeruli. Renal clearance of specific substances, such as inulin or creatinine, is commonly used to measure GFR.
Renal clearance refers to the volume of plasma cleared of a specific substance, such as creatinine, per unit of time. To measure clearance, urine samples are collected over a 24-hour period during each bladder voiding, followed by a single blood sample at the...
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Renal Drug Clearance: Comparison Between Renal Excretion Methods01:08

Renal Drug Clearance: Comparison Between Renal Excretion Methods

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Renal clearance is a critical parameter encompassing kidney filtration, secretion, and reabsorption processes. It is calculated using a specific equation to determine the rate at which the kidneys clear a drug.
Renal clearance is often associated with the renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which represents the rate at which plasma is filtered through the glomeruli in the kidney. When drug reabsorption is minimal and there is no active secretion, renal clearance is closely related to the...
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Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
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Related Experiment Video

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Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy
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Immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma.

Iris Y Sheng1, Brian I Rini1

  • 1a Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute , Cleveland , OH , USA.

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Advanced renal cell cancer (aRCC) treatment is evolving with immunotherapy. Combining immunotherapies with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors shows promise for clear cell aRCC, potentially becoming a new standard of care.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) historically responds to immune manipulation.
  • Understanding anti-tumor immunity has led to immunotherapy regimens, often combined with VEGF inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical use of immunotherapies in aRCC.
  • To describe the integration of immunotherapy with newer agents, particularly VEGF inhibitors, in clear cell aRCC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunotherapy and VEGF inhibitor combinations in aRCC.
  • Analysis of current treatment paradigms and future directions.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone in aRCC management.
  • Combinations of immunotherapy with VEGF/TKI therapy are emerging as effective strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Novel immunotherapeutic agents and VEGF/TKI combinations are poised to become the standard initial therapy for aRCC.
  • Further research is needed on drug sequencing, managing treatment-related adverse events, and innovative approaches.