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Related Concept Videos

Machines01:19

Machines

563
Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
A free-body diagram of the...
563
Machines: Problem Solving II01:30

Machines: Problem Solving II

652
Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
652
Machines: Problem Solving I01:22

Machines: Problem Solving I

698
A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
The toggle clamp system is a machine structure consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that form a stabilized system to transmit forces. The...
698
Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines01:24

Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines

489
A Y-connected synchronous generator, grounded through a neutral impedance, is designed to produce balanced internal phase voltages with only positive-sequence components. The generator's sequence networks include a source voltage that is exclusively in the positive-sequence network. The sequence components of line-to-ground voltages at the generator terminals illustrate this configuration.
Zero-sequence current induces a voltage drop across the generator's neutral impedance and other...
489
Simplified Synchronous Machine Model01:30

Simplified Synchronous Machine Model

759
The Synchronous Machine Model is a fundamental tool in analyzing and ensuring the transient stability of power systems. This model simplifies the representation of a synchronous machine under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions, assuming constant excitation and ignoring losses and saturation. The model is pivotal for understanding the behavior of synchronous generators connected to a power grid, particularly during transient events.
In this model, each generator is connected to a...
759
Wind Turbine Machine Models01:24

Wind Turbine Machine Models

570
In the growing field of wind energy, incorporating wind turbine models into transient stability analysis is essential. Induction and synchronous machines are the primary models used, with induction machines being prevalent due to their simplicity and reliability.
Induction machines interact through the rotating magnetic field generated by the stator and the rotor. The key parameter is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is...
570

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Is the cell really a machine?

Daniel J Nicholson1

  • 1Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Martinstraße 12, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria; Centre for the Study of Life Sciences (Egenis), University of Exeter, Byrne House, St. German's Road, Exeter, EX4 4PJ, United Kingdom.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|June 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The traditional machine model of the cell is challenged by new real-time molecular tracking data. Emerging research reveals cells are dynamic, self-organizing systems with fluid components and non-linear processes.

Keywords:
Brownian ratchetNon-genetic heterogeneityPleomorphic ensemblesSelf-organizationStochasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The cell is traditionally viewed as a complex machine with deterministic molecular pathways.
  • This reductionist, engineering-based perspective has long dominated molecular biology.
  • Novel experimental techniques are generating data that contradict this established view.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine research domains challenging the machine conception of the cell.
  • To explore how new data necessitate a revised theoretical framework for cellular organization.
  • To highlight the dynamic and stochastic nature of cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current research in cellular architecture.
  • Investigation of protein complex dynamics.
  • Review of studies on intracellular transport mechanisms.
  • Examination of cellular behavior research.

Main Results:

  • Data from real-time molecular tracking are inconsistent with a deterministic machine model.
  • Challenges to the machine conception are prominent in cellular architecture, protein complexes, intracellular transport, and cellular behavior.
  • A new theoretical understanding is emerging from these research areas.

Conclusions:

  • The cell is better understood as a dynamic, self-organizing entity.
  • Cellular components exhibit fluidity and plasticity.
  • Underlying cellular processes are stochastic and non-linear, not deterministic circuits.