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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts
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Droplet impact: Viscosity and wettability effects on splashing.

H Almohammadi1, A Amirfazli1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|June 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Droplet splashing depends on surface wettability only at extreme contact angles. Liquid viscosity initially promotes splashing, but higher viscosities suppress it, leading to a predictive model.

Keywords:
Droplet splashingDroplet velocityLiquid surface tensionLiquid viscositySurface wettability

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Droplet splashing is a complex phenomenon influenced by fluid properties and surface characteristics.
  • Understanding the interplay between viscosity, wettability, and impact dynamics is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of liquid viscosity and surface wettability on droplet splashing.
  • To determine the conditions under which splashing occurs and to develop a predictive model.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted using a wide range of liquid viscosities (1-100 cSt), surface wettabilities (hydrophilic to hydrophobic), drop velocities (0.5-3.3 m/s), and surface tensions (∼20 and 70 mN/m).
  • High-speed imaging was employed to capture the droplet impact and splashing dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Surface wettability significantly affects splashing only at very high or very low contact angles.
  • Liquid viscosity initially promotes splashing up to approximately 5 cSt (Reynolds number of 2000), after which it suppresses splashing.
  • A general empirical relationship was developed to predict splashing behavior based on the observed parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the non-monotonic effect of viscosity and the limited role of wettability on droplet splashing.
  • The developed empirical model provides a unified framework for predicting splashing across various conditions.