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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Application of the Intelligent High-Throughput Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing/Phage Screening System and Lar Index of Antimicrobial Resistance
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal.

Krishna Prasad Acharya1,2, R Trevor Wilson3

  • 1Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Co-operatives (MoLMAC), Gandaki, Nepal.

Frontiers in Medicine
|June 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rising in Nepal due to irrational antibiotic use. Implementing surveillance, national plans, and awareness programs is crucial to combat this global health threat.

Keywords:
Nepalanimal healthantibiotic residuesantimicrobial resistancepublic health

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global threat to both animal and public health, leading to substantial economic losses.
  • Developing countries, including Nepal, face an increasing burden of AMR, exacerbated by inadequate healthcare systems and poor infection control.
  • Widespread irrational antibiotic use in Nepal is a primary driver of escalating antimicrobial resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in Nepal.
  • To identify key determinants contributing to AMR in the region.
  • To summarize existing government interventions and propose future strategies for AMR containment.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of available cross-sectional reports and national surveys.
  • Analysis of data on antibiotic usage patterns and resistance trends in Nepal.
  • Examination of current public health policies and healthcare system practices related to antibiotic use.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial pathogens in Nepal are increasingly resistant to first- and some second-line antibiotics.
  • Irrational and injudicious antibiotic use, including high therapeutic doses and sub-optimal doses for growth promotion, are identified as leading causes of AMR.
  • Existing healthcare systems and infection control measures are insufficient to curb the spread of AMR.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing a robust surveillance program and a national AMR containment plan, aligned with the National Antibiotics Treatment Guideline 2014, is essential.
  • Raising awareness among healthcare professionals, including veterinarians and physicians, on the prudent use of antimicrobial drugs is critical.
  • Developing a national laboratory strategic plan is necessary to provide governance and guidance for national laboratories to effectively combat AMR.