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Related Concept Videos

Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea
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Direct Interaction on Specific Frequency Bands in Functional Corticomuscular Coupling.

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    We developed a new method, variational-mode-decomposition-based partial directed coherence (VMDPDC), to precisely identify brain-muscle interactions in specific frequency bands. This method enhances understanding of motor control mechanisms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Systems Biology
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Direct brain-muscle interaction is crucial for understanding motor control.
    • Existing methods like partial directed coherence (PDC) struggle with spectral overlap, limiting analysis of specific frequency bands.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel method, variational-mode-decomposition-based PDC (VMDPDC), for analyzing direct interactions in specific frequency bands.
    • To validate VMDPDC's accuracy against established methods like Granger causality (GC), PDC, and FIR-based PDC (FIRPDC).

    Main Methods:

    • Developed VMDPDC by expanding the PDC method to address spectral overlap issues.
    • Validated the method using bivariate and multivariate numerical models.
    • Applied VMDPDC to analyze functional corticomuscular coupling (FCMC) during a steady-state grip task.

    Main Results:

    • VMDPDC accurately identified direct interactions in specific frequency bands in simulations, outperforming GC, PDC, and FIRPDC.
    • Analysis of FCMC revealed significant direct interactions in the alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands.
    • Descending corticomuscular coupling strength was notably higher than ascending coupling.

    Conclusions:

    • The VMDPDC method effectively describes direct brain-muscle interactions within specific frequency bands.
    • This research provides a foundation for deeper investigation into motor control mechanisms.