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Cryptococcosis in the Amazon: A current overview and future perspectives.
Miguel Corrêa Pinheiro1, Danielle Saraiva Tuma Dos Reis2, Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhães de Brito3
1Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus, 4487, CEP 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Acta Tropica
|June 11, 2019
Summary
Cryptococcosis in Brazil's Amazon region shows distinct patterns: Cryptococcus gattii affects younger, immunocompetent individuals, while Cryptococcus neoformans predominates in HIV-positive patients. Improved surveillance is crucial for reducing mortality.
Area of Science:
- Medical Mycology
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology
- Public Health in the Amazon Region
Background:
- The Amazon region faces significant health challenges due to living conditions and limited healthcare access.
- Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection, presents a notable epidemiological profile in this area.
- Understanding cryptococcosis distribution and characteristics is vital for public health interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a comprehensive literature review on cryptococcosis in the Amazon region.
- To analyze the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of cryptococcosis in the area.
- To identify future prospects for managing cryptococcosis.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search from 1999 to 2018 across multiple databases (SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, VHL, PubMed, CAPES).
- Keywords used: "Cryptococcus," "cryptococcosis," and "Amazon" with Boolean operator AND.
- Selected 29 articles from 275 found, categorizing them into clinical and environmental studies.
Main Results:
- Cryptococcus gattii infections are increasing in younger, immunocompetent individuals.
- Cryptococcus neoformans is predominant in HIV-positive patients.
- Endemic molecular types include VNI, VNII, and VGII; specific strain types (STs) were identified in Amazonas.
Conclusions:
- Cryptococcal meningitis is a significant issue in HIV/AIDS treatment due to lack of surveillance.
- There is a need for targeted programs to track cryptococcal antigens and identify high-risk populations.
- Reducing cryptococcosis morbidity and mortality requires enhanced epidemiological surveillance and control programs.
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