Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily involved...

Structural Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity. In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...

Mechanical Protein Functions

Mechanical Protein Functions

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Vaccination of immunocompromised individuals: Expert opinion - update 2026].

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift·2026

Same author

T cell lymphomas: cancers of aberrant immune synapse signalling.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same author

Stability of different biochemical parameters in pooled left-over sera stored for 14 days after pooling either at room temperature or at 2-10 °C.

Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine·2026

Same author

Severe COVID-19 induces prolonged elevation of the acute-phase protein pentraxin 3.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-like Nanoparticles Pseudo-Typed with SARS-CoV-2 RBD for Vaccination Against COVID-19.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

Autoantibody development is associated with clinical severity of COVID-19: A cohort study.

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

The making and function of CAR cells.

Maja Zabel¹, Peter A Tauber¹, Winfried F Pickl¹

¹Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Immunology Letters

|June 11, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise for cancer but has side effects. Optimizing CAR signaling domains is crucial for enhanced efficacy, safety, and long-term tumor surveillance.

Keywords:

Adoptive cell therapy Cancer immunotherapy Chimeric antigen receptor Tumor microenvironment

More Related Videos

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Published on: March 15, 2021

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock Out GM-CSF in CAR-T Cells

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock Out GM-CSF in CAR-T Cells

Published on: July 22, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Published on: March 15, 2021

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock Out GM-CSF in CAR-T Cells

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock Out GM-CSF in CAR-T Cells

Published on: July 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy offers a novel treatment for cancers, with high response rates in B cell leukemia.
However, CAR T cell therapy faces challenges including severe side effects like cytokine release syndrome and the development of target cell resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore strategies for optimizing CAR T cell therapy by adjusting intracellular signaling domains.
To enhance long-term efficacy and safety, focusing on improved target cell cytotoxicity and sustained tumor surveillance.

Main Methods:

Investigating modifications to CAR intracellular signaling domains.
Discussing methods to control on-tumor off-target effects and introduce cytokine responsiveness (Signal 3).
Exploring strategies for efficient CAR T cell elimination post-remission and developing universal 'off-the-shelf' CAR T cell preparations.

Main Results:

Adjusting CAR signaling domains aims to achieve high target cell cytotoxicity and prolonged CAR-expressing cell longevity for extended tumor surveillance.
Controlling off-target effects, incorporating cytokine responsiveness, and enabling efficient CAR cell elimination are key areas of development.
Universal, 'off-the-shelf' CAR T cell therapies independent of patient HLA type and cell availability are proposed.

Conclusions:

Optimizing CAR T cell therapy through intracellular domain adjustments is essential for improving efficacy and safety.
Future directions include developing universal CAR T cell systems and exploring applications beyond cancer, such as autoimmune diseases.
CAR T cell therapy represents a significant advancement in cellular therapies, comparable to blood transfusions and bone marrow transplantation.