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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: February 21, 2013

Probing phospholipid microbubbles by atomic force microscopy to quantify bubble mechanics and nanostructural shell

Adeel S Shafi¹, Jake McClements², Ibrahim Albaijan²

¹School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.

Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces

|June 11, 2019

Summary

Researchers characterized phospholipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs), revealing a novel trilayer structure and quantifying mechanical properties. This enhances understanding of MBs for targeted drug delivery and theranostics.

Keywords:

Atomic force microscopy Force spectroscopy Lipid configuration Mechanical properties Microbubbles Nanostructure Shell properties Shell thickness Ultrasonic contrast agents

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Published on: December 2, 2022

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Microbubbles (MBs) are crucial ultrasonic contrast agents enhancing vascular visualization.
Developing MBs as drug/gene delivery vehicles requires understanding their mechanical and nanostructural properties.
Phospholipid-based MBs offer biocompatibility, echogenicity, and shell-modifiable properties for targeted therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanical and nanostructural properties of phospholipid-shelled MBs.
To quantify shell thickness, lipid configuration, and stiffness for theranostic applications.
To evaluate the suitability of mechanical theories for characterizing phospholipid MBs.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of microfluidic phospholipid-based MBs.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for force spectroscopy and tapping-mode imaging.
Application of Reissner and Hertz models, and Alexander-de Gennes polymer brush theory.

Main Results:

Accurate quantification of phospholipid-shelled MBs reveals a trilayer structure, differing from conventional monolayers.
MB stiffness was measured, with the Hertz model providing biologically relevant Young's modulus comparisons.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) brush thickness variation with MB diameter was determined using polymer brush theory.

Conclusions:

The study elucidates the nanostructure and mechanical properties of phospholipid MBs, crucial for theranostic development.
The Hertz model is appropriate for mechanical characterization, while Reissner theory is unsuitable for these MBs.
New insights into PEG brush behavior on MBs provide a foundation for optimizing targeted delivery systems.