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Maternal effects obscure condition-dependent sex allocation in changing environments.

A M Edwards1,2, E Z Cameron2,3, E Wapstra1

  • 1Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.

Royal Society Open Science
|June 12, 2019
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Summary

Maternal condition influences offspring sex ratios in mice, but only when environmental conditions remain stable. Environmental changes can obscure these effects, leading to unpredictable sex ratios in populations.

Keywords:
Trivers–Willardmiceoffspringsex ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Climate change causes environmental fluctuations impacting population dynamics.
  • Sex determination mechanisms (temperature-dependent vs. chromosomal) influence species' responses to environmental change.
  • Anticipatory maternal effects can alter offspring physiology and sex ratios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of maternal condition and environmental stability on sex ratios in chromosomally determined sex species.
  • To determine if maternal effects obscure condition-dependent sex ratio skews in changing environments.
  • To understand potential causes of extreme sex ratio skews in translocated populations.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental manipulation of maternal breeding and gestational environments in mice.
  • Assessment of maternal condition and offspring sex ratios.
  • Statistical analysis to determine relationships between maternal condition, environmental matching, and sex ratio.

Main Results:

  • A positive relationship between maternal condition and male offspring proportion was observed only when gestational and breeding environments matched.
  • In mismatched environments, maternal condition did not predict offspring sex ratio.
  • Maternal effects masked the predicted influence of condition on sex ratio under environmental change.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental stability is crucial for condition-dependent sex ratio expression in chromosomally determined species.
  • Anticipatory maternal effects can obscure predictable sex ratio skews when environments change.
  • Accelerating environmental change may lead to more frequent and unpredictable sex ratio skews in wildlife populations.