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Exocrine Glands: Types of Secretions01:13

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Exocrine glands produce and release a variety of glandular products. Exocrine glands can be classified into serous, mucous, or mixed types based on their secretory products.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth
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Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth

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The Type III Secretion System Sorting Platform.

María Lara-Tejero1

  • 1Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06536, CT, USA. maria.lara-tejero@yale.edu.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|June 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type III secretion machines organize protein substrates hierarchically. A large sorting platform complex directs early, middle, and late substrates for injectisome assembly and effector translocation.

Keywords:
Bacterial pathogenesisInjectisomeSorting platformType III secretion

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are essential virulence factors in many Gram-negative bacteria.
  • T3SS mediate the direct injection of bacterial effector proteins into host cells.
  • The assembly and function of T3SS involve a complex, hierarchical process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the hierarchical organization of substrate engagement in type III protein secretion.
  • To identify the role of the sorting platform in orchestrating substrate selection.
  • To understand the sequential loading of substrates during injectisome assembly and function.

Main Methods:

  • This study focuses on the mechanistic aspects of substrate selection and engagement.
  • Analysis of the sequential assembly of the type III secretion injectisome.
  • Investigating the role of the cytoplasmic sorting platform in substrate recruitment.

Main Results:

  • Type III secretion exhibits a strict hierarchy, engaging early substrates for needle complex assembly first.
  • Middle substrates, including needle tip components and translocases, are loaded after needle complex completion.
  • Late substrates, comprising effector proteins, are translocated into host cells via the assembled apparatus.
  • A large cytoplasmic sorting platform complex is central to orchestrating this substrate hierarchy.

Conclusions:

  • The type III secretion system employs a hierarchical mechanism for substrate engagement, ensuring ordered assembly and function.
  • The sorting platform plays a critical role in selecting and initiating substrates, dictating the secretion pathway.
  • This hierarchical organization is fundamental for the efficient assembly of the injectisome and the subsequent delivery of effector proteins.