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What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
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Variations in Stapes Surgery Cost within a Multihospital Network.

Geoffrey C Casazza1, Andrew J Thomas2, Jesse Dewey3

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|June 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Stapedotomy costs vary significantly, with surgical supplies and operative time being key drivers. Laser use, particularly CO2 lasers, substantially increases expenses, highlighting opportunities to improve healthcare value by reducing cost variations.

Keywords:
costotologyotosclerosisstapedectomystapedotomy

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Stapedotomy is a common surgical procedure for hearing restoration.
  • Understanding cost drivers is crucial for improving healthcare value in otologic surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the costs and operative times associated with stapedotomy.
  • To evaluate factors influencing cost variations in stapedotomy procedures.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective case series analysis using a multihospital network's accounting system.
  • Data from 176 stapedotomies performed between 2013 and 2017 were analyzed.
  • Spearman correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess cost-influencing factors.

Main Results:

  • The mean total encounter cost for stapedotomy was $3542.14, with a mean operative time of 61.1 minutes.
  • Surgical supply costs (r=0.74) and operative time (r=0.66) significantly correlated with increased total costs.
  • Carbon dioxide laser utilization resulted in significantly higher costs compared to KTP laser or no laser use.

Conclusions:

  • Significant cost variations exist in stapedotomy procedures.
  • Surgical supply costs, particularly laser utilization, are associated with increased procedure costs.
  • Reducing cost variations, especially related to surgical supplies, may enhance healthcare value.