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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

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Screening for HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

, Douglas K Owens1,2, Karina W Davidson3

  • 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.

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|June 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is recommended for all adolescents and adults aged 15 to 65, including pregnant individuals. Early detection and treatment offer substantial benefits in reducing HIV-related complications and transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • HIV remains a significant public health concern in the US, with millions living with the infection and a notable increase in diagnoses among adolescents.
  • Perinatal HIV transmission is a critical issue, though rates have declined due to screening and interventions.
  • The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) previously issued recommendations in 2013.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update the 2013 USPSTF recommendations for HIV screening in adolescents, adults, and pregnant women.
  • To evaluate the benefits and harms of HIV screening and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of evidence on HIV screening, including test accuracy, screening intervals, and treatment initiation thresholds.
  • Evaluation of benefits and harms of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for both nonpregnant and pregnant individuals.
  • Review of evidence on mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention and ART safety during pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Current HIV tests are highly accurate.
  • Early identification and treatment of HIV significantly reduce AIDS-related events and mortality.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) substantially decreases HIV transmission to sexual partners and mother-to-child transmission.
  • ART is associated with some harms, including neuropsychiatric, renal, and hepatic effects, and increased risk of preterm birth.

Conclusions:

  • The USPSTF recommends HIV screening for adolescents and adults aged 15-65, and for younger/older individuals at increased risk.
  • All pregnant individuals should be screened for HIV, even those presenting in labor with unknown status.
  • The net benefit of HIV screening in these populations is substantial.