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Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.

Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...

Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

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Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles,...

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Published on: October 4, 2018

Rapid single B cell antibody discovery using nanopens and structured light.

Aaron Winters¹, Karyn McFadden¹, John Bergen²

¹a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA.

|June 13, 2019

Summary

We developed NanOBlast, a rapid single B cell screening method for generating therapeutic antibody reagents. This technique accelerates the discovery of high-affinity anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies for drug development.

Keywords:

ASC ELISA Monoclonal antibody NanOBlast OEP OptoElectro Positioning antibody discovery antibody generation nanofluidics structured light

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Published on: May 29, 2021

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Immunology
Drug Development

Background:

Accelerated development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) tool reagents is crucial for therapeutic antibody advancement.
The drug development market demands faster and more efficient methods for generating essential reagents.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel nanofluidic optoelectronic single B lymphocyte antibody screening technique (NanOBlast).
To apply NanOBlast for the rapid generation of anti-idiotypic reagent antibodies.
To develop a sensitive assay for quantifying therapeutic IgG molecules in patient serum.

Main Methods:

Utilized NanOBlast, a high-content culture and assay platform, to screen single antibody secreting cells (ASCs).
Employed microfluidic chip nanopens and structured light for cell manipulation and screening.
Integrated single-cell PCR, recombinant IgG expression, and ELISA for antibody characterization.

Main Results:

Successfully recovered and identified a diverse panel of high-affinity anti-idiotypic reagent mAbs.
Developed a sensitive and specific ligand binding assay for quantifying free therapeutic IgG in human serum.
Achieved a 5-hour workflow for cell screening on-chip and under 60 days for the overall discovery process.

Conclusions:

NanOBlast offers a direct, flexible, and rapid method for generating critical mAb tool reagents.
The developed assay facilitates crucial drug development decision-making by enabling precise therapeutic IgG quantification.
This technology significantly accelerates the timeline for therapeutic antibody reagent discovery and development.