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Related Concept Videos

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Movement Joints in Buildings01:27

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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
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Fluid Movement Between Compartments01:18

Fluid Movement Between Compartments

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The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice
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Paroxysmal Movement Disorders: Recent Advances.

Zheyu Xu1, Che-Kang Lim2,3, Louis C S Tan1,4

  • 1Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|June 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) advances, including whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), are revolutionizing the study of paroxysmal movement disorders (PMDs). Genetic discoveries are improving our understanding of PMD pathophysiology and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Episodic ataxia (EA)GeneticsParoxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED)Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD)Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD)

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Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neurology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Paroxysmal movement disorders (PMDs) exhibit significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity.
  • The classification and understanding of PMDs are challenged by their increasing complexity and association with complex phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how recent genetic advances have reshaped the understanding of PMD pathophysiology and treatment.
  • To discuss newly identified PMD entities and their genetic underpinnings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, including whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS).
  • Analysis of newly identified gene mutations implicated in PMDs.
  • Examination of genotype-phenotype correlations in PMDs.

Main Results:

  • NGS technologies have significantly expanded the identification of gene mutations causing PMDs.
  • New gene discoveries are crucial for elucidating PMD pathophysiology.
  • Understanding genotype-phenotype correlations is key to developing genetic testing guidelines and therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic advancements are fundamentally altering the approach to studying and treating PMDs.
  • Further research into gene-environment interactions and novel drug targets is warranted.
  • The integration of genetic findings is essential for refining PMD classification and management.