The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Symptom Clusters of PTSD: a Comparison with Victims of Other Traumatic Events

In the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) literature, no study assessed differences in symptom clusters among victims of terrorist attacks (TA) as compared with victims of other traumatic events. Due to the intentional nature of the harm infliction, TA may be expected to produce more severe symptoms, particularly avoidance, since this cluster was found to be a severity marker and a maintenance factor of the disorder. As several patients delay treatment-seeking, duration of untreated illness (DUI) is another problem potentially influencing PTSD severity. The current study explored differences in PTSD symptom clusters as a function of the traumatic event type (TA compared with other events), DUI, and sex. One hundred-eight patients with primary PTSD were administered The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Mean DUI was approximately 12 years, irrespective of the event type. Patients who had experienced TA had significantly more severe Avoidance/Numbing symptoms and general PTSD severity than those who had experienced other events. No significant effects emerged for DUI and sex on all clusters. Timely recognition and intervention on PTSD may include community psychoeducation programs about its symptoms. Tailored intervention on TA-related PTSD may focus on Avoidance/Numbing by including medication and psychotherapeutic approaches for this symptom cluster.