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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Metal-responsive RNA polymerase extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors.

Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz1, Francisco Javier Marcos-Torres1,2, Juana Pérez1

  • 1Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, E-18071, Spain.

Molecular Microbiology
|June 13, 2019
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Summary

Bacteria use metal-responsive extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors to manage essential but toxic metal concentrations. This review details their roles in metal homeostasis, focusing on iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium, and zinc.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacteria require metals for essential enzymatic functions but must also mitigate metal toxicity.
  • Maintaining metal homeostasis is crucial for bacterial survival in fluctuating environments.
  • Metal-responsive regulatory systems, including extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors, are vital for this adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review metal-responsive ECF sigma factors in bacteria.
  • To elucidate their physiological roles, mechanisms of action, and signal transduction pathways.
  • To highlight factors responding to iron depletion and metal excess.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on metal-responsive ECF sigma factors.
  • Analysis of known regulatory mechanisms and signal transduction pathways.
  • Compilation of examples including FecI, FpvI, PvdS, CnrH, CarQ, CorE, and CorE2.

Main Results:

  • Several ECF sigma factors are activated by iron depletion (FecI, FpvI, PvdS).
  • Other ECF sigma factors respond to excess metals like nickel/cobalt (CnrH), copper (CarQ, CorE), and cadmium/zinc (CorE2).
  • These factors regulate systems for metal import and export to maintain homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Metal-responsive ECF sigma factors are key regulators of bacterial metal homeostasis.
  • Understanding these pathways is essential for comprehending bacterial adaptation to environmental metal changes.
  • These factors offer insights into bacterial survival strategies under metal stress.