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Punishment01:27

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Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
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Posterior Cingulate Cortical Response to Active Avoidance Mediates the Relationship between Punishment Sensitivity

Thang M Le1, Simon Zhornitsky2, Wuyi Wang2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, and thang.le@yale.edu.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Heightened sensitivity to punishment (SP) is linked to alcohol misuse via avoidance. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activation during response inhibition mediates this relationship, highlighting its role in problem drinking.

Keywords:
alcoholavoidancego/no-goposterior cingulate cortexproblem drinkingpunishment sensitivity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Many individuals use alcohol to cope with negative emotions, a strategy that can lead to alcohol misuse.
  • Heightened sensitivity to punishment (SP) increases vulnerability to problem drinking through maladaptive coping mechanisms.
  • Neural underpinnings of behavioral avoidance, punishment sensitivity, and their link to alcohol use require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cerebral correlates of response inhibition for penalty avoidance.
  • To examine the relationship between punishment sensitivity (SP), problem drinking, and neural activity.
  • To explore the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) as a potential neural substrate for avoidance and alcohol misuse.

Main Methods:

  • Seventy nondependent drinkers performed a reward go/no-go task with punishment for errors.
  • Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores were assessed.
  • Brain activations during response inhibition were analyzed using neuroimaging techniques.

Main Results:

  • SP and AUDIT scores positively correlated with brain activation during response inhibition.
  • Overlapping activations were observed in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) for both SP and alcohol use.
  • PCC activation during avoidance bidirectionally mediated the association between SP and hazardous alcohol use.

Conclusions:

  • The PCC plays a crucial role in behavioral avoidance and is a shared neural substrate for punishment sensitivity and problem drinking.
  • PCC's involvement in response inhibition links avoidance tendencies to hazardous alcohol consumption in punishment-sensitive individuals.
  • Findings elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying alcohol misuse in individuals with high sensitivity to punishment.