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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Diamagnetism01:26

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism01:29

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James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was one of the major contributors to physics in the nineteenth century. Although he died young, he made major contributions to the development of the kinetic theory of gases, to the understanding of color vision, and to understanding the nature of Saturn's rings. He is probably best known for having combined existing knowledge on the laws of electricity and magnetism with his insights into a complete overarching electromagnetic theory, which is...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Electromagnetic Fields01:30

Electromagnetic Fields

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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Updated: Nov 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Emergent electromagnetism in condensed matter.

Naoto Nagaosa1,2

  • 1RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS).

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|June 14, 2019
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Quantum many-body systems in solids exhibit emergent electromagnetic fields derived from Hilbert space geometry. This review explores their connection to phenomena like the Hall effect and topological matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Many-Body Systems
  • Geometric Quantum Field Theory

Background:

  • Electrons in solids form complex quantum many-body systems.
  • Energy gaps often separate eigenstates, creating distinct subspaces.
  • Differential geometry concepts apply to these Hilbert space manifolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physics of emergent electromagnetic fields in solids.
  • To connect geometric properties of Hilbert space to observable phenomena.
  • To provide a unified perspective on diverse electronic behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical frameworks, including gauge theory.
  • Analysis of connections between Hilbert space geometry and physical observables.
  • Synthesis of existing research on emergent fields.

Main Results:

  • Emergent electromagnetic fields arise from the geometric structure of quantum states.
  • These fields explain phenomena such as the Hall effect and spin polarization.
  • Connections are drawn to topological matter, multiferroics, and magnetic textures.

Conclusions:

  • The geometric approach offers a powerful lens for understanding complex electronic systems.
  • Emergent electromagnetic fields are a fundamental concept in condensed matter physics.
  • This framework unifies diverse phenomena under a single theoretical umbrella.