Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

47.7K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
47.7K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

31.6K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
31.6K
Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

40.3K
The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
40.3K
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

3.8K
John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
3.8K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

3.4K
3.4K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

8.0K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
8.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development of Extracellular Matrix-Retaining Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Fibers for Novel Endovascular Regenerative Therapy for Aortic Disease.

Journal of functional biomaterials·2026
Same author

Species-specific oxygen sensing governs the initiation of vertebrate limb regeneration.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Low Mutagenicity of Phosphate and Sugar Modifications Used in Donor DNA for Genome Editing.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same author

Amniogenesis in embryos and stem cell models.

Nature cell biology·2026
Same author

Extracellular stiffness regulates cell fate determination and drives the emergence of evolutionary novelty in the teleost heart.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Hoxa9 compensates for the absence of Hoxc9 in suppressing limb-type motor neurons in sharks.

Zoological letters·2026
Same journal

Peripheral B-cell receptor repertoire predicts immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae zoocompost on the mineral element content of blue honeysuckle berries.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Investigation on absorption refrigeration performance of R1243zf with imidazolium ionic liquid as the working pairs.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

DeepTriage-CN: integrating clinical text with vital signs for emergency department admission prediction in an aging population.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Gold nanoparticles as dual-action antiviral agents: disruption of SARS-CoV-2 viral envelopes and RNA integrity.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Comparison of capillary microsampling and venous blood for multi-pathogen serosurveillance.

Scientific reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insight into the Current Experimental Avian Skin Explant Methodologies
09:30

Author Spotlight: Insight into the Current Experimental Avian Skin Explant Methodologies

Published on: September 15, 2023

1.6K

Evolution of the avian digital pattern.

Kenta Kawahata1, Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro1, Shogo Ueda1,2

  • 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.

Scientific Reports
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Digit reduction in birds, like the emu, involves complex gene regulation. Gremlin1 (Grem1) expression dynamics in limb buds are key to understanding avian digit pattern variations.

More Related Videos

Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points
09:30

Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points

Published on: March 2, 2011

16.2K
Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing
12:21

Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

Published on: January 7, 2019

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insight into the Current Experimental Avian Skin Explant Methodologies
09:30

Author Spotlight: Insight into the Current Experimental Avian Skin Explant Methodologies

Published on: September 15, 2023

1.6K
Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points
09:30

Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points

Published on: March 2, 2011

16.2K
Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing
12:21

Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

Published on: January 7, 2019

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Archosaur evolution shows multiple instances of digit number variation.
  • Bird forelimbs exhibit reduced digit numbers compared to dinosaur ancestors.
  • Previous studies highlighted conserved posterior gene expression but varied anterior gene expression (Gli3, Alx4) in bird forelimb buds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the expression patterns of Gli3 and Alx4 in emu, chicken, and zebra finch forelimbs.
  • To investigate the role of Gremlin1 (Grem1) in avian digit development and variation.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying digit number reduction in birds.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns (Gli3, Alx4, Grem1) in emu, chicken, and zebra finch forelimb buds.
  • Examination of stage-specific gene expression during limb development.
  • Correlation of gene expression patterns with adult skeletal morphology, particularly digit number.

Main Results:

  • Gli3 expression was observed in the anterior limb bud region, with species-specific variations in its extent.
  • Alx4 expression in forelimb buds was broadly conserved in a stage-specific manner across the studied species.
  • Dynamic expression of Gremlin1 (Grem1), a BMP antagonist crucial for autopod expansion, correlated with the distinct digital patterns of emu, chicken, and zebra finch. Individual variation in Grem1 expression width in emu forelimb buds mirrored variations in adult skeletal patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The signaling system regulating the dynamic expression of Gremlin1 (Grem1) in limb buds significantly contributes to variations in avian digit patterns.
  • Understanding Grem1's role provides insights into the evolutionary reduction of digits in birds.
  • Comparative gene expression studies are crucial for deciphering the genetic basis of morphological evolution.