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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

7.7K
All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

40.3K
Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography
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[Immunosuppressive treatment and bone healing].

Dagmar Horn1, Christoph Klaas1, Michael Raschke2

  • 1Apotheke, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland.

Der Unfallchirurg
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Patients on immunosuppressants face challenges in wound and fracture healing, increasing infection risks. A structured, interdisciplinary approach is crucial to manage medication during surgery without disease relapse.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesFracture healingImmunosuppressive agentsPerioperative careTransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Immunology
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs in trauma and orthopedic patients due to demographic shifts and new therapies.
  • Immunosuppressants may impede wound and fracture healing, elevating infection risk.
  • Management of these medications perioperatively presents complex clinical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for a structured, interdisciplinary process for managing immunosuppressive medication in surgical patients.
  • To evaluate the perioperative interruption of immunosuppressants without risking disease relapse.
  • To guide the selection of individualized surgical approaches for patients on immunosuppressants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunosuppressive agents and their impact on healing.
  • Analysis of clinical scenarios involving trauma and orthopedic patients requiring surgery.
  • Emphasis on interdisciplinary team collaboration and preoperative assessment.

Main Results:

  • Identification of potential complications including delayed wound healing and fracture consolidation.
  • Recognition of increased susceptibility to surgical site infections.
  • The necessity of a tailored perioperative medication management plan.

Conclusions:

  • A structured, interdisciplinary preoperative evaluation is essential for trauma and orthopedic patients on immunosuppressants.
  • Careful consideration must be given to the risks and benefits of perioperative immunosuppressant interruption.
  • Individualized surgical planning is paramount to optimize outcomes in this patient population.