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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
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Impulse01:13

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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
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What is Variation?01:14

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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Impulse Response01:17

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The impulse response is the system's reaction to an input impulse. In an RC circuit, the voltage source is the input, and the capacitor's voltage is the output. The system's state and output response before and after input excitation are distinctly defined.
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
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Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

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Heroin delay discounting and impulsivity: Modulation by DRD1 genetic variation.

Tabitha E H Moses1, Margit Burmeister2, Mark K Greenwald1

  • 1School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

Addiction Biology
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The DRD1 gene variant rs686 influences how heroin users discount delayed rewards, impacting impulsivity. This suggests DRD1 plays a role in opioid addiction and related behaviors.

Keywords:
DRD1delay discountingdopamineheroinimpulsivity

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A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Dopamine D1 receptors (DRD1) are linked to addiction and risk-taking behaviors.
  • Delay discounting (DD) measures the tendency to prefer smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later ones.
  • Higher DD is associated with maladaptive behaviors like substance use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if functional variants in dopaminergic genes influence heroin delay discounting (DD) and impulsivity.
  • To examine the association between specific DRD1, DRD3, and COMT gene variants and heroin DD.

Main Methods:

  • Collected genotype data and assessed DD and impulsivity in 106 heroin users.
  • Subjects completed DD tasks under heroin satiation and withdrawal conditions.
  • Analyzed four dopaminergic functional variants: DRD1 rs686 and rs5326, DRD3 rs6280, and COMT rs4680.

Main Results:

  • The DRD1 rs686 variant significantly modulated the difference in heroin DD between satiation and withdrawal states.
  • DRD1 rs686 G/G homozygotes showed lower DD differences and higher impulsivity scores compared to A/A homozygotes.
  • No significant associations were found for DRD3 or COMT variants with DD or impulsivity outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • DRD1 rs686 influences state-dependent heroin DD and is associated with drug-use impulsivity.
  • These findings support a role for DRD1 in modulating opioid DD and impulsive behaviors in heroin users.