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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

A Rapid, Simple, and Standardized Homogenization Method to Prepare Antigen/Adjuvant Emulsions for Inducing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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A Rapid, Simple, and Standardized Homogenization Method to Prepare Antigen/Adjuvant Emulsions for Inducing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Complement, infection, and autoimmunity.

Paola Conigliaro1, Paola Triggianese1, Eleonora Ballanti1

  • 1Department of Systems Medicine, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system is crucial for host defense and regulating inflammation. Its dysfunction, through deficiencies or overactivation, significantly increases susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The complement system is vital for host defense against pathogens.
  • Dysregulation of the complement system (upregulation, downregulation, or imbalance) contributes to autoimmune diseases.
  • Complement deficiencies are linked to increased infection susceptibility and autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the complement system in host defense against infections.
  • To examine the involvement of the complement system in the development of autoimmunity.
  • To analyze evidence from primary and secondary complement system deficiencies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on complement system deficiencies.
  • Analysis of the relationship between complement system function and autoimmune conditions.
  • Examination of complement system's role in host defense and inflammatory responses.

Main Results:

  • Complement deficiencies increase susceptibility to infections.
  • Primary complement deficiencies predispose individuals to both infections and autoimmune diseases.
  • Secondary complement deficiencies, often seen in systemic autoimmune disorders like lupus, involve complement consumption and heightened infection risk.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system plays a dual role in autoimmunity, with both deficiency and activation contributing to disease pathogenesis.
  • Evidence from complement deficiencies highlights its critical function in maintaining immune homeostasis.
  • Understanding complement system dysregulation is key to addressing infections and autoimmune diseases.