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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

391
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care01:27

Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care

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Interprofessional care for coronary artery disease includes pharmacological therapy and revascularization procedures.Pharmacological therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes through various classes of medications:Antiplatelet Agents:Aspirin and Clopidogrel: These medications inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots, which is crucial for avoiding heart attacks and strokes. Doctors often prescribe these...
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Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations

345
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

609
Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cardiovascular Imaging - Introducing the Spatially Weighted Calcium Score for Early Disease Detection
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Coronary artery calcium testing: A call for universal coverage.

Morteza Naghavi1, David J Maron2, Robert A Kloner3

  • 1Society for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication (SHAPE), Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.

Preventive Medicine Reports
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Early detection of high-risk individuals for heart attacks is crucial. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing offers a more accurate and cost-effective screening method than current practices, saving lives and resources.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)Coronary artery calcium (CAC), Atherosclerosis, Vulnerable patient, Computed tomography (CT) scan

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Preventive Medicine
  • Medical Economics

Background:

  • Heart attacks are a leading cause of death, surpassing all cancers combined.
  • Current screening for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) focuses on risk factors, often missing high-risk individuals and over-treating low-risk ones.
  • Existing methods like treadmill stress tests are frequently misleading and resource-intensive for asymptomatic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for improved early detection of asymptomatic individuals at high risk for heart attacks.
  • To advocate for the adoption and coverage of coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing as a superior screening tool.
  • To emphasize the cost-effectiveness and accuracy of CAC testing compared to current screening paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current screening practices for ASCVD and cancer.
  • Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy and cost of CAC testing versus traditional risk factor screening and treadmill stress tests.
  • Analysis of the implications of current payer policies on ASCVD screening.

Main Results:

  • Coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing is a non-invasive, 5-minute CT scan costing under $200, significantly less than cancer screenings.
  • CAC testing provides more accurate risk assessment for ASCVD compared to traditional methods.
  • Despite ACC/AHA guideline adoption, CAC testing is not widely covered by payers, unlike less cost-effective cancer screenings.

Conclusions:

  • CAC testing represents a significant advancement in identifying high-risk individuals for heart attacks, enabling timely intervention.
  • Increased coverage of CAC testing for appropriate individuals can lead to substantial savings in healthcare costs and, more importantly, save lives.
  • Policy changes, such as Texas's HB1290, are necessary to mandate CAC coverage and improve public health outcomes.