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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Evaluation of the Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles

Evaluation of the Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles

Published on: May 22, 2019

Geminal Dianions Stabilized by Main Group Elements.

Marie Fustier-Boutignon¹, Noel Nebra¹, Nicolas Mézailles¹

¹UPS, CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069 , Université de Toulouse , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France.

Chemical Reviews

|June 14, 2019

Summary

This review explores stable geminal dianions, which have two lone pairs on the same carbon atom. It covers their synthesis, electronic structures, reactivity, and coordination chemistry.

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Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

Geminal dianions are carbon species with two lone pairs on the same carbon atom.
These species are stabilized by main group elements, leading to unique chemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the chemistry of stable and isolable geminal dianions.
To discuss their synthesis, electronic structures, reactivity, and coordination chemistry.

Main Methods:

Literature review of geminal dianion chemistry.
Analysis of synthetic routes and electronic structures.
Examination of reactivity studies and coordination chemistry.

Main Results:

Three classes of geminal dianions are identified: geminal-dilithio derivatives, yldiides, and geminal bisylides.
Their syntheses, electronic structures, and reactivity patterns are detailed.
Coordination chemistry and potential applications are explored.

Conclusions:

Geminal dianions represent a fascinating class of compounds with diverse structures and reactivity.
Their stabilization by main group elements opens avenues for novel synthetic and catalytic applications.