Phenytoin/sildenafil loaded poly(lactic acid) bilayer nanofibrous scaffolds for efficient orthopedics regeneration

Autologous and synthetic bone grafts showed some limitations during their usage in bone tissue regeneration. This is attributed to several drawbacks such as difficulty of finding a donor in addition to the autoimmune rejection. This study aims to fabricate a well-designed biocompatible double-layered structure of highly porous poly(lactic acid)-based electrospun nanofibers (NFs) as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Poly(lactic acid) was chosen to fabricate the main matrix of the NFs scaffold as it is one of the FDA approved and highly recommended biopolymers for biomedical applications owing to its high biodegradability and biocompatibility Each layer is loaded with a different drug (Phenytoin and Sildenafil) to stimulate bone healing process. The solvents and the parameters of electrospinning were manipulated to produce highly porous structures in order to enhance the in-situ biodegradability of the NFs mats as well as the drug release rate. The produced NFs mats were fully characterized morphologically (SEM), chemically (FTIR), physically (DSC) and physicochemically (biodegradability, swellability, porosity and water vapor permeability) as well as studying the drug release profiles of both drugs. Cytotoxicity of the fabricated NFs was tested using fibroblast cells to detect their biocompatibility. Cell adhesion and proliferation were examined using SEM before using the NFs as scaffolds in mice animal model. The efficiency of the developed NFs scaffolds in healing bone fractures was assessed after 14 and 28 days through visual inspection, SEM investigation and bone mineral density assessment. Finally, sections from the bone fracture sites were isolated for histopathological examination. The study revealed the efficiency of the drugs-loaded NFs in enhancing cell adherence, cell proliferation, angiogenesis formation and finally tissue restoration of bone fractures.