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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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The power transmission to a factory involves the transfer of apparent power, a combination of active and reactive power. The power factor measures how effectively electrical power is converted into useful work output. The ratio of the real power (KW) that does the work to the apparent power (KVA) supplied to the circuit.
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Unless individual gases chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it were present alone in the container. The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure.
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Related Experiment Video

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Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
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Partial volume correction for quantitative CEST imaging of acute ischemic stroke.

Y Msayib1, G W J Harston2, F Sheerin2

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|June 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Partial volume correction improves the measurement of Amide Proton Transfer (APT) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effects, especially in low tissue partial volume estimates. This method offers more repeatable results in healthy subjects and maintains similar pathological tissue contrast compared to standard models.

Keywords:
CEST MRIacute ischemic strokeamide proton transferpartial volume correctionquantification

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Quantitative MRI

Background:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dilution effects are not accounted for in standard Amide Proton Transfer (APT) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) quantification.
  • Correcting for CSF dilution may enhance the robustness of CEST signal measurements.
  • Partial volume effects can influence the accuracy of quantitative MRI techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the robustness of a partial volume (PV) correction model against a standard 4-pool model for quantifying APT CEST effects.
  • To evaluate the ability of these models to quantify CEST effects in healthy, normal, and pathological tissues.
  • To assess the impact of PV correction on repeatability and pathological tissue contrast.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of MRI data from 12 ischemic stroke patients and 6 healthy subjects.
  • Comparison of CEST signals derived from a 4-pool model and a PV correction model.
  • Assessment of PV correction effects across high, low, and whole-slice tissue partial volume estimates (PVE).

Main Results:

  • PV correction did not significantly alter absolute in high PVE voxels.
  • The PV correction model showed decreased ischemic core signal in low PVE voxels.
  • PVC measures demonstrated higher repeatability (2.4%) compared to the 4-pool model (3.4%) in healthy subjects, with similar ischemic core CNR.

Conclusions:

  • PV correction provides a more repeatable measure of APT effects than standard 4-pool analysis.
  • PV-corrected analysis achieves similar contrast in pathological tissue.
  • PV-corrected analysis is more robust, particularly at low tissue PVE values.